Research has found that poor and minority youth are at the highest risk for exposure to violence and are the least likely to get adequate care from the mental health system, and the resulting untreated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can lead to poor academic outcomes, increased likelihood for criminal activity and lower employment prospects.  Significant savings – both financially and in terms of lives -- can be achieved when funds are directed toward early detection and treatment of PTSD.  Early detection, intervention and treatment of PTSD is also necessary and vital to preventing long-term psychological problems and improving the mental health of urban youth.  This report recommends the following to address PTSD and overall mental health in urban youth due to witnessing or experiencing violence:

1. Improve and Expand School Mental Health Programs;
   
2. Incorporate Evaluations of Mental Health in Primary Care Settings for Children and Adolescents; and
   
3. Increase Collaboration Between Community Leaders, Families, Schools, and Mental Health Providers.